Timeline of the Kashmir conflict
The following is a timeline of the Kashmir conflict, a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, China. India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars and several border skirmishes over the issue.
1846–1945: Princely state[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority[1][2] region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called Kashmiriyat.
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- Template:Timeline-event[3]
- Template:Timeline-event[4][5] The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
- Template:Timeline-event[6][4]
- Template:Timeline-event[7] Soon afterwards, the younger leaders of the Muslim Conference pleaded for broadening the party to include all the people of the state.[8]
- Template:Timeline-event[9][relevant?]
- Template:Timeline-event[10] Two independent candidates that won were said to have joined the Muslim Conference afterwards.[11]
- Template:Timeline-event[6] At the same time, the National Conference joined the All India States Peoples Conference, a Congress-allied group of movements in princely states.[12]
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1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession[edit]
1946[edit]
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Early 1947[edit]
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April 1947[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[21] The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
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May 1947[edit]
June 1947[edit]
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July 1947[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[34][35][36][33]
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August 1947[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[44]
- Template:Timeline-event[45]
- Template:Timeline-event[46] According to Major General Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.[47]
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September 1947[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[63][64]
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- Template:Timeline-event[66][67]
- Template:Timeline-event[68]
- Template:Timeline-event[61] Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of the State Forces left his position. About 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by the State Forces.[69]
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October 1947[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[81]
- Template:Timeline-event,[82] stated to be the beginning of the 1947 Jammu violence.[83]
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- Template:Timeline-event[84][85][86]
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- Template:Timeline-event[90]
- Template:Timeline-event[91]
- Template:Timeline-event[37] This stalled due to the impending invasion.
- Template:Timeline-event[46]
- Template:Timeline-event[92]
- Template:Timeline-event[93] Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province, recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded Kashmir along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.[94] Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.[71]
- Template:Timeline-event[95]
- Template:Timeline-event[96] Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.[97]
- Template:Timeline-event[98]
- Template:Timeline-event[46][99][100]
- Template:Timeline-event[101]
- Template:Timeline-event[101]
- Template:Timeline-event[102] until such time as the will of the people could be ascertained.
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- Template:Timeline-event[103][104]
- Template:Timeline-event
- Template:Timeline-event[105] Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.[106]
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November 1947[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[113]
- Template:Timeline-event[114]
- Template:Timeline-event[115] 6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.[116]
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- Template:Timeline-event[115]
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- Template:Timeline-event[109]
- Template:Timeline-event[118]
- Template:Timeline-event[119]
- Template:Timeline-event[120] The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.[121]
- Template:Timeline-event[122]
- Template:Timeline-event[123][124] However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah: "No commitments should be made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers.[125] The next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was reinforcing the tribesmen.[126]
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December 1947[edit]
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1948: War and diplomacy[edit]
January 1948[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[140]
- Template:Timeline-event[clarification needed][139]
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February–April 1948[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[147]
- Template:Timeline-event[140] No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the Zoji La pass by winter snows. The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.[148]
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May 1948[edit]
July 1948[edit]
August–December 1948[edit]
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1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum[edit]
1949[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event
- Template:Timeline-event[161] As per the 1948[162] and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Pakistan-occupied Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.[163][better source needed]
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1950[edit]
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1951[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[169] Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.[170]
- Template:Timeline-event[171] The UN Security Council passed Resolution 91 to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.[163]Template:Primary-source-inline
1952[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[174]
- Template:Timeline-event[174][175][176]
- Template:Timeline-event[177]
- Template:Timeline-event,[178] which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.[175]
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1953[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[189]
- Template:Timeline-event Large protests were held in Delhi and other parts of the country.[190]
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1954[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[198][199]
- Template:Timeline-event[197] He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.[200][better source needed]
1955–1957[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[201][page needed]
- Template:Timeline-event[202]
- Template:Timeline-event
- Template:Timeline-event[203] India's Home Minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, during his visit to Srinagar, declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India and there can be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh. India continued to resist plebiscite efforts.[204]
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1959–1962[edit]
1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism[edit]
1963–1969[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[209][118]
- Template:Timeline-event Sheikh Abdullah was released after 11 years.[210]
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1970–1979[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event
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- Template:Timeline-event[215]
- Template:Timeline-event[216][non-primary source needed] The Plebiscite Front was dissolved and renamed the National Conference. Sheikh Abdullah assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after an 11-year gap.[217]
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- Template:Timeline-event[217][218]
- Template:Timeline-event Amanullah Khan was elected as its General Secretary the following year.[219]
- Template:Timeline-event[220] The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.
1980–1986[edit]
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1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency[edit]
1987–1989[edit]
- Template:Timeline-event[229] The MUF candidate, Mohammad Yousuf Shah, a victim of the rigging and state's mistreatment, took the name Syed Salahuddin and would become chief of the militant outfit Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. His election aides called the HAJY group - Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik - would join the JKLF.[230][231]
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1990–1999[edit]
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2001–2009[edit]
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2010–2018[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[256]
- Template:Timeline-event Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the Kashmiri people in favour of democracy of India.[257][258][259][260][261]
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2019-present[edit]
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- Template:Timeline-event[269][270][271][272]
- According to a 6 September 2019 report of the Indian government, nearly 4,000 people have been arrested and many were tortured. The report also claimed children were detained, which was later found to be false in December 2019. More than 200 politicians, including two former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), along with more than 100 leaders and activists from All Parties Hurriyat Conference were detained in the disputed region.[273][274][275][276]
See also[edit]
- Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
- Politics of Jammu and Kashmir
- History of Kashmir
- Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
- Kashmir conflict
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
- Sino-Indian War
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
- Kargil War
- 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff
- Siachen conflict
- Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
- India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
- India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present)
- 2016–17 Kashmir unrest
- Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)
- List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir"
- List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
References[edit]
- ↑ "Figures II". jammu-kashmir.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ↑ "2001 census". kashmirstudygroup.net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ↑ Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict (2003), p. 18.
- ↑ Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects (2004), Ch. 5, Sec. v (Constructing Kashmiriyat).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir (2004), p. 80.
- ↑ Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR 2757363
- ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), p. 103.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Hiro, The Longest August (2015), Chapter 6.
- ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), p. 114.
- ↑ Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography (2016), p. 248.
- ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), pp. 142–143.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 327.
- ↑ Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (1966), p. 203.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Jha, Rival Versions of History (1996), p. 14.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Guha, India after Gandhi (2011), p. xv.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (1966), p. 23.
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 61.
- ↑ Jalal, Self and Sovereignty (2002), p. 513.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jha, Rival Versions of History (1996), p. 15.
- ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath (2009), p. 162.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 41.
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 46.
- ↑ Jha, Prem Shankar (March 1998), "Response (to the reviews of The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947)", Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 36 (1): 113–123, doi:10.1080/14662049808447762
- ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), p. 113.
- ↑ Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations (1966), p. 95.
- ↑ Burke, S. M. (2001), Landmarks of The Pakistan Movement, Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab, p. 457, ISBN 978-969-425-092-2
- ↑ Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (1998), p. 103; Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (2007), pp. 70–71; Puri, Across the Line of Control (2012), p. 18
- ↑ A. G. Noorani, Relevance of U.N. resolutions, Frontline, 5 February 2016.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak (2010)
- ↑ Copland, I. (2005), State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 143, ISBN 978-0-230-00598-3
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), pp. 43–44.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir (2014), p. 307.
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), pp. 44–45.
- ↑ Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (2007), pp. 89–90.
- ↑ Dhar, D. N. (2001), Dynamics of political change in Kashmir: from ancient to modern times, Kanishka Publishers, Distributors, p. 81, ISBN 978-81-7391-418-8
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Puri, Balraj (November 2010), "The Question of Accession", Epilogue, 4 (11): 4–6
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 25.
- ↑ Bhattacharjea, Ajit (2008), Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Tragic Hero of Kashmir, Roli Books, p. 99
- ↑ Gandhi, Mahatma (1983), Collected Works, Volume 89, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, pp. 6–8
- ↑ Brown, Gilgit Rebellion (2014), Preface.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), p. 123.
- ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath (2009), pp. 166–167.
- ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath (2009), pp. 144–149.
- ↑ Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger (2013), p. 4.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 Cheema, The Crimson Chinar (2015), p. 57
- ↑ Ankit, Henry Scott (2010), p. 47.
- ↑ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010), p. 103.
- ↑ Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom (2013), pp. 25–27.
- ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (2012), pp. 90–91.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 43.
- ↑ Hiro, The Longest August (2015), p. 115.
- ↑ Ankit, October 1947 (2010), p. 9
- ↑ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010), pp. 105–106.
- ↑ Nawaz, First Kashmir Revisited (2008), p. 120.
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 43.
- ↑ Narain, Partap (1999), Subedar to Field Marshal, Manas Publications, p. 237, ISBN 978-81-7049-072-2
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 47.
- ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), pp. 124–125.
- ↑ Khan, Aamer Ahmed (1994), "Look Back in Anger", The Herald, Volume 25, Pakistan Herald Publications, p. 54: 'Once past Kahuta, the two leaders were apparently whisked away to Liaquat Ali Khan by military personnel. The meeting was a hush-hush affair, attended by Sardar Shaukat Hayat, Mian Iftikharuddin, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan and General Sher Khan besides some other officers. "We were told about the plan to attack Kashmir. Liaquat Ali Khan said that it would all be over within hours. The Frontier government was to mastermind the attack from Garhi Abdullah while the Punjab government would control the attack from Kahuta to Jammu."'
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010), p. 106
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 44.
- ↑ Grover, Verinder (1995), The Story of Kashmir: Political development, terrorism, militancy and human rights, efforts towards peace, with chronology of major political events, Deep & Deep Publications, p. 474, ISBN 9788171006779: "It was only on September 22 that the Muslim conference convention which met at Srinagar under the presidency of Chaudri Hamidullah Khan, took a decision favouring accession to Pakistan."
- ↑ Pampori, Kashmir in Chains (1992), p. 185: "On 22nd September (1947) a convention of the prominent workers of the J&K Muslim Conference held in Srinagar under the presidency of Hamidullah Khan (again) adopted a resolution demanding that the State should accede to Pakistan. Hamidullah presented a memorandum to General Janak Singh - Prime Minister, impressing upon him 'the desirability of taking a speedy decision about the accession issue in accordance with the desire of the overwhelming population of the people'."
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 50.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 51.
- ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath (2009), p. 182.
- ↑ Guha, India after Gandhi (2011), p. xvi.
- ↑ Ankit, Henry Scott (2010), p. 44.
- ↑ Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir (2014), pp. 28–29.
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 59
- ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (2012), p. 233.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 67
- ↑ ul-Hassan, Syed Minhaj (2015), "Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947-48 AD." (PDF), FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (1): 1–7, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2017, retrieved 8 March 2017
- ↑ Ganguly, Sumit (September 1995), "Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Sage Publications, 541: 167–178, doi:10.1177/0002716295541001012, JSTOR 1048283, S2CID 144787951
- ↑ Ankit, October 1947 (2010), p. 9.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 40.
- ↑ Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (1990), p. 226.
- ↑ Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms (1972), p. 246.
- ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), pp. 127–128.
- ↑ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010), p. 106.
- ↑ Puri, Across the Line of Control (2013), pp. 25–26.
- ↑ Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (1998), p. 116, footnote 90..
- ↑ Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (2010), p. 227.
- ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), pp. 54–55.
- ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), p. 144.
- ↑ Lamb, Incomplete Partition (2002), p. 130.
- ↑ Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms (1972), p. 197.
- ↑ Kaula, Prithvi Nath; Dhar, Kanahaya Lal (1950), Kashmir Speaks, S. Chand, p. 62
- ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), pp. 144–147.
- ↑ Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution (2010), p. 34.
- ↑ Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger (2013), pp. 4–5.
- ↑ Pakistan Covert Support Archived 12 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline (2010), note 17.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 53.
- ↑ Cheema, The Crimson Chinar (2015), p. 58.
- ↑ Hajari, Midnight's Furies (2015), p. 189.
- ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 61.
- ↑ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom (1977) quoted at Valorous Actions of Kashmir War Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Pak Army Museum, retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ↑ Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir (1983), p. 142.
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 Hajari, Midnight's Furies (2015), p. 189, Chapter 8.
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline (2010), note 19.
- ↑ Jamal, Shadow War (2009), p. 54.
- ↑ Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (1998), p. 105.
- ↑ Hajari, Midnight's Furies (2015), p. 196.
- ↑ Jamal, Shadow War (2009), p. 55.
- ↑ Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir (1953), 119, footnote 5.
- ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (2012), pp. 113–114.
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2010), "Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar", The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 38 (1): 117–143, doi:10.1080/03086530903538269, S2CID 159652497
- ↑ Noorani, A. G. (2014) [first published in 2013 by Tulika Books], The Kashmir Dispute, 1947-2012, Oxford University Press, pp. 13–14, ISBN 978-0-19-940018-8
- ↑ Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir (2014), p. 97.
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 Hajari, Midnight's Furies (2015), Chapter 8.
- ↑ Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War (2003), p. 142.
- ↑ Jamal, Shadow War (2009), p. 56.
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), pp. 53–54.
- ↑ Puri, Across the Line of Control (2013), p. 31.
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army (2005), p. 160.
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{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Catherine (2010), Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons, Bloomsbury Publishing, Chapter 13, ISBN 978-0-8027-1860-0: "Undaunted, Musharraf had in 1988 been called on by General Beg to put down a Shia riot in Gilgit, in the north of Pakistan. Rather than get the Pakistan army bloodied, he inducted a tribal band of Pashtun and Sunni irregulars, many from the SSP which had recently put out a contract on Bhutto, led by the mercenary Osama bin Laden (who had been hired by Hamid Gul to do the same four years earlier)."
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External links[edit]
- Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
- Kashmir Historical Timeline
- A peep into Kashmir History and timeline