Information technology in India

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Information Technology in India is a vast industry which comprises information technology services, consulting, and outsourcing.[1] The IT industry accounted for 8% of India's GDP in 2020.[2][3] The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.[2] The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.[2] The IT–BPM sector overall employs 4.5 million people as of March 2021.[4] The Indian IT–BPM industry has the highest employee attrition rate.[5][6][7][8][9] In recent years the industry has been witnessing skyrocketing resignations cutting across hierarchy.[5][7][9] As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry is infamous of exploiting cheap labour.[10][11][12] As IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years.[13][14] The United States accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports.[15]

History[edit]

India's IT Services industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services[16] who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.[17] The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.[18]

Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and World Bank. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of Singapore and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.

TIDEL Park in Chennai was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.

Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994.[19] Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:

In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.

A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore.[20]

Contemporary situation[edit]

In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.[3] The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies.[21] In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hirings.[22]

Major information technology hubs[edit]

Bangalore[edit]

Infosys Media Centre in Bangalore, India.

Bangalore is a global technology hub and is Indias biggest tec hub.[23] As of fiscal 2016–17, Bangalore accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.[24] The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".[25][26] Notable tech parks are Electronic City, ITPL, Bagmane Tech Park, Embassy Golf Links, Manyata Tech Park, Global Village Tech Park, Embassy TechVillage. Apart from these IT companies are also located in several other parts of the city. Notable IT companies of the area include Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, SAP Labs, Accenture, TCS, Oracle, IBM India, Sonata Software, Mindtree, and Intuit India.[27]

Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.[28]

Hyderabad[edit]

Amazon Hyderabad campus

Hyderabad – known for the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India.[29][30] Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.[31][32][33] Notable tech companies include Accenture, Amazon, AMD, Deloitte, Apple, Intel, Tata Consultancy Services, Microsoft, HCL Technologies, Oracle Corporation, Google, Qualcomm, Dell, Cognizant, Novartis, Pega, J.P Morgan, UBS. As of 2020, the IT exports from Hyderabad was ₹128,807 crore (US$15 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 582,126 employment.[34][35][36][37] Notable tech and pharma parks are HITEC City, Genome Valley, and Hyderabad Pharma City. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022.[38]

Chennai[edit]

Zoho headquarters in Chennai
TCS Signature Tower and Butterfly Campus in Chennai, India.

As of 2018, Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.[39][40] TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.[41][42] Notable tech parks are International Tech Park, DLF Cybercity SEZ, Mahindra World City, SIPCOT IT Park, Olympia Tech Park, One Indiabulls Park, L&T Estancia IT SEZ, Ramanujan IT City and Chennai one SEZ. City has an expressway called as IT expressways and a preferred location for IT industries. Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Zoho, Capgemini, Amazon, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, UST Global, BirlaSoft, HCL Technologies and Comcast have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.[40]

Pune[edit]

The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC).[43][44] The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2,800 acres (11 km2) and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.[45] Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at Magarpatta city, Kharadi, Kalyani nagar, Yerawada, Aundh and several other parts of the city. Major IT companies like TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, Tech mahindra, Cybage, Zensar technologies, Amdocs, Capegemini, Google , Sungard, HCL Technologies, Persistent technology etc. have offices in Pune. As of 2019, the IT sector employs more than 500,000 people.[45][46]

Delhi NCR[edit]

Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities in NCR like Gurgaon and Noida have several companies that serves the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs.[47]

Kolkata[edit]

Kolkata is one of the major IT hub in India. As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Capgemini, Wipro, Ericsson, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, ITC Infotech, RS Software have their offices set up here, with TCS making Kolkata their largest base. [48] [49]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Nirmal, Rajalakshmi. "IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis". India Brand Equity Foundation. 21 October 2021.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017". NASSCOM. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  4. "Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021". Statista. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?". Mint. 25 August 2021.
  6. "The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss". The New Indian Express. 21 November 2021.
  7. 7.0 7.1 "Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year". The Times of India. 28 October 2021.
  8. Vanamali, Krishna Veera (21 October 2021). "What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?". Business Standard.
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'". The Hindu. 27 September 2021.
  10. "Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims". France 24. 13 December 2020.
  11. "India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs". The Nikkei. 25 October 2018.
  12. "No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore". Forbes. 25 September 2017.
  13. "Why automation could be a threat to India's growth". BBC News. 19 May 2017.
  14. "Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report". Mint. 16 June 2021.
  15. "Amid IT layoffs, this could be a reason to cheer - Times of India". The Times of India.
  16. "Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities" (PDF). www.itida.gov.eg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  17. "Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost". Doccentre.net. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  18. "Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities" (PDF). www.itida.gov.eg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  19. "Online Journal of Space Communication". Spacejournal.ohio.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  20. Inc, lbp (2013). India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publication. p. 300. ISBN 978-1433081903. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  21. "Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011". Gartner.com. 7 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  22. Sengupta, Devina (22 April 2022). "Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition". mint. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  23. "Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs". 26 July 2021.
  24. "'Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020'". Business Line. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  25. Canton, Naomi. "How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  26. RAI, SARITHA. "Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore?". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  27. Sharma, Apoorva (23 December 2018). "Top 30 IT Companies in Bangalore". Nestaway Information Guides for Housing & Living. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  28. "Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report". cnbctv18.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  29. Udgirkar, Trushna (2 October 2015). "New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month".
  30. "Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts". www.PharmaBiz.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  31. "Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports". The New Indian Express.
  32. "CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics". timesofindia-economictimes.
  33. "Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  34. "Telangana records 17.93 % growth in IT sector". The Times of India. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  35. "Telangana IT exports grows 18% at ₹1.28 lakh crore in FY20". 21 May 2020.
  36. "Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation". The Hindu. 22 September 2019.
  37. "Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations". 10 May 2020.
  38. "Meet Hyderabad's Soonicorns".
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  40. 40.0 40.1 Chandramouli, Rajesh (1 May 2008). "Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  41. "Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai". The Hindu. Chennai. 2 November 2000. Archived from the original on 30 January 2002. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  42. "Work ethics: How Indian cities fare". Rediff. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  43. Bari, Prachi (7 December 2007). "Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity". The Economic times. India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  44. "Hinjawadi IT park". The MegaPolis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  45. 45.0 45.1 Banerjee, Shoumojit (27 May 2017). "Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  46. "Economic Times (2010), Are IT jobs losing sparkle?". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  47. "Delhi NCR – an Emerging IT Hub in India". 29 March 2017.
  48. "How Bengal Fell Behind Bengaluru in Software Industry? -". 23 July 2021.
  49. "TCS is largest employer in Bengal".

Sources[edit]

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